Introduction
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a term commonly used to describe the predominantly inattentive presentation of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this presentation, hyperactivity is minimal or absent, and the primary challenges involve sustained attention, organization, and task completion. ADD affects both children and adults, often going unrecognized because the symptoms are less disruptive than the hyperactive-impulsive presentation.
Causes
ADD is strongly influenced by genetics, with heritability estimates around 70-80%. Neurological differences in the prefrontal cortex and dopamine signaling pathways are thought to underlie the attention deficits. Environmental risk factors include prenatal exposure to tobacco or alcohol, low birth weight, and early childhood adversity. Brain injuries or lead exposure may also contribute in some cases.
Symptoms
Common symptoms include difficulty sustaining attention during tasks or conversations, frequent careless mistakes, trouble organizing tasks and activities, tendency to lose important items, becoming easily distracted, forgetting daily obligations, and difficulty following through on instructions. These symptoms are present in multiple settings (home, school, work) and cause meaningful interference with functioning.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by a qualified clinician through comprehensive evaluation including clinical interview, behavioral rating scales, review of developmental and educational history, and ruling out other causes. DSM-5 criteria require six or more inattentive symptoms present before age 12, persisting for at least six months, and causing impairment in two or more settings.
Treatment
Treatment typically combines medication and behavioral interventions. Stimulant medications such as amphetamine salts or methylphenidate are first-line pharmacological options, while non-stimulant alternatives are available for those who cannot tolerate stimulants. Behavioral therapy, organizational skills training, and educational accommodations are also important components of a comprehensive treatment plan.
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.