Introduction
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning across multiple settings. ADHD is one of the most common mental health conditions in children and continues into adulthood in a significant portion of those affected, impacting work performance, relationships, and quality of life.
Causes
ADHD has a strong genetic basis, with studies showing heritability rates of approximately 70-80%. Differences in brain structure and function, particularly in dopamine and norepinephrine pathways and the prefrontal cortex, contribute to its core symptoms. Environmental risk factors include prenatal substance exposure, premature birth, low birth weight, and early childhood adversity, though no single cause accounts for all cases.
Symptoms
Symptoms fall into two main categories: inattention (difficulty focusing, following instructions, and completing tasks; frequent mistakes; losing things; being easily distracted) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (excessive talking, fidgeting, inability to stay seated, acting without thinking, difficulty waiting one's turn). Most individuals with ADHD exhibit a combination of both symptom types.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires a thorough clinical evaluation including structured interviews, behavioral rating scales completed by parents, teachers, or partners, review of developmental history, and ruling out other conditions. DSM-5 criteria require the presence of at least six symptoms in children or five in adults, onset before age 12, symptoms lasting at least six months, and functional impairment across two or more settings.
Treatment
ADHD is most effectively managed through a combination of medication and behavioral strategies. Stimulant medications (methylphenidate and amphetamine-based) are first-line pharmacological treatments, with non-stimulant options available as alternatives. Behavioral therapy, parent training, educational support, and coaching are also important for long-term success. Treatment is individualized and often requires adjustments over time.
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation or examination or replace the advice of your health care professional and should not be relied upon to determine diagnosis or course of treatment.